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System Design Quest Sheet

Classic “Design X” Questions

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
1 URL Shortener (bit.ly) Classic todo Base62, hash collisions, redirect latency
2 Twitter / Social Media Feed Classic todo Fan-out on write vs read, timeline
3 Instagram Classic todo Photo storage, explore, hashtag index
4 WhatsApp / Chat Messaging System Classic todo WebSocket, message ordering, E2EE
5 Uber / Ride-Sharing System Classic todo Geohash, supply-demand matching
6 Netflix / Video Streaming Platform Classic todo CDN, adaptive bitrate, personalisation
7 YouTube Classic todo Upload pipeline, transcoding, comments
8 Dropbox / Google Drive (File Sync) Classic todo Block dedup, delta sync, chunking
9 Google Docs (Real-Time Collaborative Editing) Classic todo OT vs CRDT, conflict-free merges
10 Search Engine (Google-scale) Classic todo Crawl → index → rank → serve
11 Google Maps / Routing Engine Classic todo Dijkstra, A*, road graph sharding
12 Web Crawler Classic todo Politeness, dedup, frontier scheduling
13 Recommendation System (end-to-end) Classic todo Collaborative filtering, two-tower, serving
14 Notification Service (email, push, SMS at scale) Classic todo Fanout, deduplication, delivery tracking
15 Rate Limiter Classic todo Token bucket, sliding window, Redis
16 Distributed Cache Classic todo Eviction policies, clustering, consistency
17 Key-Value Store (Redis / DynamoDB internals) Classic todo LSM tree, WAL, consistent hashing
18 Distributed Message Queue (Kafka) Classic todo Partitions, offsets, consumer groups
19 Logging & Metrics System (Datadog / ELK) Classic todo Structured logs, TSDB, alerting
20 Distributed File System (HDFS / GFS) Classic todo NameNode, replication, rack awareness

Fintech

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
21 Payment Processing System Fintech todo Idempotency, saga, PCI DSS
22 Digital Wallet Fintech todo Balance model, top-up, withdrawal
23 Money Transfer System (Venmo / Wise / Moniepoint) Fintech todo Cross-border, FX, settlement rails
24 Fraud Detection System Fintech todo Rule engine + ML, real-time scoring
25 Card Authorization System Fintech todo Issuer, network, sub-100ms auth
26 Ledger / Double-Entry Bookkeeping System Fintech todo Immutable entries, balance integrity
27 Reconciliation System (two financial systems) Fintech todo Eventual consistency, diff engine
28 KYC / AML Onboarding Flow Fintech todo Watchlist, PEP screening, risk scoring
29 High-Throughput Transaction Processing System Fintech todo LMAX Disruptor, mechanical sympathy
30 Currency Conversion System Fintech todo FX rate feed, rounding, audit trail
31 Banking Core — Account Balances at Scale Fintech todo ACID at scale, regulatory reporting

E-Commerce & Marketplace

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
32 Amazon — Catalog, Search & Checkout E-Commerce todo Product graph, ranking, checkout saga
33 Flash Sale / High-Contention Inventory E-Commerce todo Thundering herd, queue, fairness
34 Shopping Cart (multi-session, multi-device) E-Commerce todo Merge strategies, guest → auth
35 Inventory Management System (multi-warehouse) E-Commerce todo Oversell prevention, reservation TTL
36 Price Comparison Engine E-Commerce todo Crawl-and-normalize, ranking, freshness
37 Coupon & Promotion Engine E-Commerce todo Rule DSL, stacking, abuse prevention
38 Airbnb — Search, Booking & Availability E-Commerce todo Geo search, calendar blocking, pricing
39 Order Management System E-Commerce todo State machine, fulfilment pipeline
40 Loyalty / Points & Rewards System E-Commerce todo Ledger, expiry, redemption

Booking & Reservation

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
41 Movie Ticket Booking System (BookMyShow) Booking todo Seat lock, payment window, concurrency
42 Hotel Booking System Booking todo Availability calendar, overbooking policy
43 Airline Reservation System Booking todo PNR, seat classes, fare rules
44 Restaurant Reservation System (OpenTable) Booking todo Table inventory, waitlist, no-show
45 Calendar & Scheduling System (Calendly) Booking todo Availability slots, timezone, conflict

Real-Time & Streaming

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
46 Live Video Streaming Platform (Twitch) Real-Time todo Ingest, transcode, CDN edge, chat
47 Live Sports Scores System Real-Time todo Push vs poll, SSE, fan-out
48 Online Multiplayer Game Backend Real-Time todo State sync, authoritative server, lag comp
49 Stock Trading Platform Real-Time todo Order matching, LMAX, market data feed
50 Real-Time Analytics Dashboard Real-Time todo Kafka + Flink, OLAP, query latency
51 Collaborative Whiteboard Real-Time todo CRDT, WebSocket, cursor presence

Infrastructure & Developer Tools

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
52 CI/CD System Infra & DevTools todo Pipeline DAG, artifact store, rollback
53 Feature Flag Service (LaunchDarkly) Infra & DevTools todo Progressive rollout, targeting rules
54 Configuration Management System Infra & DevTools todo Hot reload, versioning, audit
55 Secrets Management System (Vault) Infra & DevTools todo Dynamic secrets, lease renewal, KMS
56 API Gateway Infra & DevTools todo Auth, routing, throttling, observability
57 Service Registry & Discovery Infra & DevTools todo Consul, Eureka, health checks
58 Distributed Job Scheduler (cron at scale) Infra & DevTools todo Exactly-once, leader election, sharding
59 Workflow Engine (Airflow / Temporal) Infra & DevTools todo DAG execution, retries, durable state

Content & Media

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
60 Content Delivery Network (CDN) Content & Media todo PoP placement, cache hierarchy, purge
61 Image Hosting & Serving System Content & Media todo On-the-fly resize, WebP, CDN offload
62 Podcast Hosting Platform Content & Media todo Audio storage, RSS, analytics
63 News Feed Aggregator Content & Media todo RSS crawl, dedup, personalisation
64 Content Moderation System Content & Media todo ML classifier + human review pipeline
65 Comment System at Scale Content & Media todo Threading, voting, spam, hot content

AI / ML Systems

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
66 Recommendation System — Full Pipeline AI/ML todo Candidate gen → ranking → serving
67 LLM-Powered Chatbot at Scale AI/ML todo Streaming tokens, session, cost control
68 RAG System over Enterprise Documents AI/ML todo Chunking, embeddings, retrieval, grounding
69 A/B Testing & Experimentation Platform AI/ML todo Assignment, metrics, stat significance
70 Feature Store for ML AI/ML todo Online vs offline, point-in-time correctness
71 ML Model Serving Infrastructure AI/ML todo Shadow mode, canary, latency SLO
72 Vector Database & Semantic Search AI/ML todo HNSW, ANN, embedding freshness

Data & Storage Systems

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
73 Search Engine Internals (Elasticsearch) Data & Storage todo Inverted index, relevance scoring
74 Time-Series Database Data & Storage todo InfluxDB, downsampling, retention
75 Graph Database & Social Network Queries Data & Storage todo Neo4j, shortest path, friend-of-friend
76 Data Warehouse & Lakehouse Architecture Data & Storage todo Iceberg, Parquet, partitioning
77 Change Data Capture (CDC) Data & Storage todo Debezium, Binlog tailing, event propagation
78 Consistent Hashing Deep Dive Data & Storage todo Virtual nodes, hot spots, rebalancing
79 Bloom Filter & Probabilistic Data Structures Data & Storage todo HyperLogLog, Count-Min Sketch
80 LRU / LFU Cache Implementation Data & Storage todo LinkedHashMap, Caffeine, eviction

Reliability & Operations

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
81 Distributed Tracing System Reliability todo OpenTelemetry, sampling, tail-based
82 Circuit Breaker & Bulkhead Patterns Reliability todo Resilience4j, half-open, fallback
83 Disaster Recovery — RTO / RPO Planning Reliability todo Backup strategies, failover runbook
84 Chaos Engineering Framework Reliability todo Steady state, blast radius, game days
85 Zero-Downtime Deployments & Schema Migrations Reliability todo Blue-green, expand-contract, canary
86 Distributed Lock Service Reliability todo Redlock, fencing tokens, ZooKeeper
87 Leader Election & Consensus (Raft / Paxos) Reliability todo Split-brain, quorum, term numbers
88 Multi-Region Active-Active Design Reliability todo Conflict resolution, CRDT, global LB

Security & Compliance

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
89 Identity & Access Management (IAM) Security todo RBAC vs ABAC, policy engine
90 OAuth2 & OpenID Connect Deep Dive Security todo Token lifecycle, PKCE, refresh rotation
91 Zero-Trust Network Architecture Security todo mTLS, BeyondCorp, SPIFFE/SPIRE
92 Audit Logging & Compliance Trail Security todo Immutable log, SOC2, GDPR
93 GDPR Right-to-Erasure Implementation Security todo Crypto-shredding, propagation
94 Data Masking & Tokenisation Service Security todo PCI DSS, PII vault
95 Healthcare — Patient Record System (EHR) Compliance todo HIPAA, consent management

Architecture Patterns

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
96 Event Sourcing + CQRS Architecture todo Append-only log, projection rebuild
97 Saga Pattern (Distributed Transactions) Architecture todo Choreography vs orchestration
98 Strangler Fig & Anti-Corruption Layer Architecture todo Monolith migration, domain boundary
99 Multi-Tenant SaaS Platform Architecture Architecture todo Isolation models, noisy neighbour
100 Outbox Pattern + Transactional Messaging Architecture todo At-least-once, idempotent consumers

Java Deep Dives

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
101 Virtual Threads vs Reactive (Loom vs WebFlux) Java Deep Dive todo Java 21, I/O bound, thread-per-request
102 JVM GC Tuning for Production Java Deep Dive todo G1 vs ZGC vs Shenandoah, Generational ZGC
103 Spring Boot 3 + GraalVM Native Image Java Deep Dive todo AOT, reflection hints, startup time
104 Structured Concurrency (Java 21) Java Deep Dive todo StructuredTaskScope, cancellation
105 CompletableFuture Pitfalls in Production Java Deep Dive todo Error propagation, thread pool starvation
106 Domain-Driven Design with Records & Sealed Classes Java Deep Dive todo Value objects, aggregates, exhaustive switch
107 Database Connection Pool Tuning (HikariCP) Java Deep Dive todo Pool sizing formula, leak detection
108 Reactive Streams & Backpressure (Project Reactor) Java Deep Dive todo Flux, Mono, scheduler selection

Geospatial & Location

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
109 Ride-Hailing Pricing Engine (Surge) Geospatial todo Real-time demand model, elasticity
110 Location Tracking & Geo-Fencing Service Geospatial todo Moving objects, polygon queries, alerts
111 Food Delivery Dispatch System Geospatial todo Assignment optimisation, ETA, batching

High Performance

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
112 High-Frequency Trading Infrastructure High Performance todo Kernel bypass, co-location, FPGA
113 Video Conferencing (WebRTC Infrastructure) High Performance todo SFU vs MCU, TURN/STUN, jitter buffer
114 IOT Device Management Platform High Performance todo MQTT, device shadow, OTA updates
115 Service Mesh + Observability (Istio / Envoy) High Performance todo mTLS, traffic policy, telemetry

Bonus: Platform & FinOps

# Topic Category Status Published URL Notes
116 Internal Developer Platform (IDP) Architecture todo Golden paths, self-service, paved road
117 Cost Optimisation Framework (FinOps) Architecture todo Right-sizing, spot strategy, waste
118 gRPC vs REST vs GraphQL — Protocol Trade-offs Architecture todo When to pick which, streaming, contracts
119 Event-Driven Architecture Deep Dive Architecture todo Domain events, eventual consistency
120 Ad Click Aggregation & Attribution System Scalability todo Lambda arch, exactly-once, privacy

Progress

  • Total topics: 120
  • Published: 0 (0%)
  • In progress: 0
  • Todo: 120

Last updated: 2026-04-18


Category Breakdown

Category Count
Classic “Design X” 20
Fintech 11
E-Commerce & Marketplace 9
Booking & Reservation 5
Real-Time & Streaming 6
Infra & Developer Tools 8
Content & Media 6
AI / ML Systems 7
Data & Storage 8
Reliability & Operations 8
Security & Compliance 7
Architecture Patterns 5
Java Deep Dives 8
Geospatial & Location 3
High Performance 4
Platform & FinOps 5
Total 120

Suggested Study Sequence

Weeks 1–4 (Foundation): #1–20 — Classic questions. Build the pattern muscle.
Weeks 5–8 (Fintech focus): #21–31 — Moniepoint-relevant depth.
Weeks 9–12 (E-Commerce + Booking): #32–45 — Transactional systems, contention.
Weeks 13–16 (Real-Time + Infra): #46–59 — Operational maturity signals.
Weeks 17–20 (Content + AI/ML): #60–72 — Modern system design vocabulary.
Weeks 21–24 (Data + Reliability): #73–88 — Senior/staff-level depth.
Weeks 25–28 (Security + Arch + Java): #89–120 — EM/architect differentiation.

At 1 topic / weekday: ~24 weeks to full coverage. At 1 topic / day: 4 months.